R 1.9 NOISE R 1.9.1 Definition Noise manifests itself as a spontaneously fluctuating voltage whose instantaneous amplitude is randomly distributed. The instantaneous value is both unpredictable and of minor interest except in certain critical applications. Instead, one measures a time-averaged value. It consists of the root of the mean-square value of voltage transmitted in a particular frequency pass band. The noise consists of two...
R 1.11 VOLTAGE DEPENDENCE If we apply a voltage on a resistor, it’s resistance will drop slightly in certain types. Therefore, the resistance change is negative. The change per volt of applied voltage is called voltage coefficient, VC, and is expressed in %/V or better, μV/V. The coefficient is determined not only by the resistive material but also by the dimensions, i.e., the electrical...
L.1.7 Inductance L Not only magnetic materials possess a magnetic field, every current carrying conductor creates a magnetic field itself. Fig. 1.23: Magnetic fields of current carrying conductors Energy can be temporarily stored in the magnetic field. This effect is technically exploited in coils, consisting of one or more wire windings. The synonymous term “inductor” has become established. There are various types of inductors...
L.1.6 Permeability μ Permeability describes an important effect in ferromagnetic materials. If a ferromagnetic material is placed in a magnetic field, it is observed that the magnetic flux becomes concentrated in this material. Analogous to electric resistance, the ferromagnetic material presents a good conductor for the field lines. Permeability may therefore be described as a magnetic conducting or penetrating property. Featured Image Fig. 1.16:...
R1.7 PULSE LOADS In many applications the resistor will be subjected to pulse loads. We make distinctions between periodical/repetitive loads and pulse trains; on one hand, where the pulse is repeated at a certain frequency, and on the other separate pulses where a possible repetition will occur after so long time that the resistor has recovered its original ambient temperature. R1.7.1 Periodic pulse loads...
